Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Performance
P-ISSN: 3123-9544 | E-ISSN: 3124-3649 Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Performance (JPESHP) is an international, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research, reviews, and theoretical papers focused on the broad field of physical education, sport science, and human performance. The journal aims to promote the dissemination of scientific knowledge, foster interdisciplinary dialogue, and encourage innovation in theory and practice across educational, competitive, and health-related physical activity settings. Journal of Physical Education, Sports, and Human Performance (JPESHP) is a peer-reviewed journal published by CV Lentera Cendekia Indonesia which is published in two editions (May and November). This journal is a collaboration between CV Lentera Cendekia Indonesia and Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Descriptive Analysis of Vo2max in Youth Soccer Athletes Using the Beep Test
Introduction: Aerobic endurance is a key determinant of performance in youth soccer, particularly during athlete selection and preparation for competition. Objective and practical fitness assessments are therefore required to identify athletes’ physiological readiness. This study aimed to describe the VO2Max profile of youth soccer athletes using the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) or Beep Test. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study involved 65 male youth soccer athletes aged 15–17 years who participated in a regional selection program in Makassar, Indonesia, in September 2025. Aerobic endurance was measured using the Multistage Fitness Test. The validity of the MFT as a predictor of VO2Max has been widely reported in previous sports science studies. Data were analyzed descriptively using mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and percentage distribution across fitness categories. Results: The descriptive statistical analysis showed that the athletes obtained a mean VO2Max score of 47.91 ± 4.89 ml/kg/min, with values ranging from 37.45 to 57.12 ml/kg/min. The highest predicted VO2Max value was 57.12 ml/kg/min, while the lowest was 37.45 ml/kg/min. Most athletes were classified in the “Good” category, indicating adequate aerobic readiness for youth-level competition. However, substantial variation was identified between athletes in the upper and lower performance groups, demonstrating unequal endurance capacity within the squad. Conclusion: The study confirms that the majority of athletes demonstrated adequate aerobic endurance, although several athletes remained below the expected competitive standard. The findings contribute practical baseline data for coaches in designing individualized endurance training programs, particularly High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), to reduce physical performance disparities within the team
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Performance
Physical Fitness Evaluation of Rural Junior High School Students in Physical Education Learning
Introduction. Physical fitness is an important component in supporting students’ learning activities and physical development in schools. Physical Education (PE) learning plays a strategic role in improving students’ physical fitness through structured physical activities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physical fitness components of students in PE learning at SMP Negeri 2 Tombolo Pao. Methods. This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive evaluative design. The sample consisted of 36 eighth-grade students selected using a purposive sampling technique. The instrument used was a physical fitness test consisting of a 20-meter run, sit-ups, push-ups, shuttle run, and sit-and-reach tests to measure speed, muscle strength, agility, and flexibility. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, percentage, and physical fitness category analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results. The results showed that students’ physical fitness levels were generally in the good category. Speed obtained an average score of 4.21 seconds, agility 12.84 seconds, and flexibility 24.15 cm, all categorized as good. Meanwhile, abdominal and arm muscle strength were categorized as moderate, with average scores of 21.47 repetitions and 18.36 repetitions, respectively. The distribution of physical fitness levels indicated that 38.89% of students were in the good category, 30.56% in the moderate category, 13.89% in the very good category, 13.89% in the poor category, and 2.78% in the very poor category. Conclusions. PE learning contributed positively to students’ physical fitness levels; however, several components, particularly muscle strength, still require improvement through more structured and continuous physical activity programs. Therefore, Physical Education teachers are expected to develop more innovative and fitness-oriented learning models to improve students’ physical fitness comprehensively.
Student Participation in Physical Education Learning: A Study at SMA Negeri 2 Sinjai
This study aims to analyze the level of student participation in physical education learning at SMA Negeri 2 Sinjai. Student participation is an important indicator in determining the success of the learning process, especially in educational subjects that emphasize aspects of physical, cognitive, and affective involvement. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey method. The research sample consisted of 120 students randomly selected from grades X and XI. The instrument used was a student participation questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages. The results showed that student participation in physical education learning was highest in the affective (72%) and psychomotor (68%) aspects, which reflected active involvement and positive attitudes of students towards learning activities. However, participation in the cognitive aspect is still relatively low (60%), so a strategy is needed to improve students' understanding and involvement intellectually. Student participation is influenced by interest, motivation, learning methods, availability of facilities, social support, and self-confidence. These findings indicate the need for more varied and participatory learning strategies to increase student involvement in physical education.
Physical Training Effects on Fitness Components in Young Athletes
Introduction. Physical fitness is a key indicator of adolescent health; however, training responses vary across fitness components and may be influenced by anthropometric factors such as body weight. This study aimed to analyze changes in physical fitness components following a 12-week functional training intervention and to examine the moderating role of body weight on training adaptations among female university students in Makassar. Methods. A pre–post intervention design was employed involving 14 purposively selected participants. The intervention consisted of structured functional training conducted three times per week (60 minutes/session), targeting six fitness components: core muscular endurance, upper-body muscular endurance, lumbar extension endurance, lower-body explosive power, static balance, and lateral agility. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests (α=0.05), Cohen’s d effect size, and Pearson correlation. Results. The results revealed a significant improvement only in core muscular endurance (p=0.0014; d=0.822), with a 30.2% increase, while other components showed no significant changes. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between body weight and improvements in lumbar extension endurance (r=-0.514; p=0.03). Conclusion. Core muscular endurance is the most responsive component to functional training, whereas body weight moderate adaptations in specific exercises. These findings highlight the importance of individualized training programs and provide a basis for developing region-specific fitness norms to support athlete monitoring in Indonesia.
Analysis of The Emotional Intelligence Level of PB Target Badminton Athletes in The Sports Development Process
Introduction. This study aims to analyze the emotional intelligence level of PB Target badminton athletes in the sports coaching process, as well as to describe each aspect of emotional intelligence, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, and adaptability. The study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive research type. The research subjects were all 15 badminton athletes of PB Target, so the sampling technique used was total sampling. Data collection was conducted through an emotional intelligence questionnaire adapted from the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) with a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using the percentage technique to determine the category of the athletes' emotional intelligence level. The results of the study show that the emotional intelligence level of PB Target badminton athletes is in the very strong category. In terms of intrapersonal indicators, all athletes demonstrated excellent abilities in recognizing, understanding, and managing their emotions. The interpersonal indicator is also in the very strong category, as demonstrated by their empathy, communication, and positive social relationships. In addition, the stress management and adaptability indicators show that athletes are able to control pressure, adapt to situations, and make appropriate decisions. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the emotional intelligence of PB Target badminton athletes is very good and plays an important role in supporting the development of performance-oriented sports. Therefore, the development of emotional intelligence needs to be maintained and systematically integrated into athlete development programs.
Analysis of Sports Injury Rates Among Athletes Pre-PORA Central Aceh Athletics
This study aims to analyze the level of sports injuries, injury management, and factors causing injuries among athletes participating in the Central Aceh Pre-PORA athletics competition. The study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research subjects consisted of 14 athletes selected using total sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through a closed-ended questionnaire based on a Likert scale covering indicators of injury type, causes of injury, post-injury impact, recovery, prevention, and first aid for injuries. Data analysis was performed using percentage techniques. The results showed that the level of sports injuries among Central Aceh Pre-PORA athletes was in the moderate category (86%) and the strong category (14%), while there were no athletes in the very weak, weak, or very strong categories. The most common injuries were minor, such as bruises and muscle cramps, while severe injuries such as fractures and dislocations were not found. The dominant factors causing injuries included poor physical condition and lack of warm-up. In terms of treatment, athletes tended to rely on complete rest, and some used the RICE method and medication. Injury prevention measures are generally well implemented through warm-ups, maintaining physical condition, nutritional management, and the use of adequate equipment. The conclusions of this study indicate that the injury rate among athletes is still within controllable limits, but it is still necessary to strengthen injury prevention and management programs in a more systematic manner in order to maintain the performance and sustainability of athletes' training.
Analysis of Physical Components of the Ability to Kick the Ball Into the Goal in the SSB Kalegowa Soccer Game
This study aims to determine 1) the relationship between leg muscle strength and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in the SSB Kalegowa soccer game. 2) the relationship between ankle coordination and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in the SSB Kalegowa soccer game. 3) the relationship between balance and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in the SSB Kalegowa soccer game. 4) the relationship between leg muscle strength, ankle coordination and balance together with the ability to kick the ball into the goal in the SSB Kalegowa soccer game. The sample used was SSB Kalegowa as many as 30 people, taken using random sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used in this study were descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis at a significant level (α) = 0.05. The results of this study indicate that: 1) there is a significant relationship between leg muscle strength and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in the soccer game by obtaining a correlation coefficient value (r) = 0.800 with a probability level (0.000) <0.05; 2) There is a significant relationship between foot-ankle coordination and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in soccer, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.768 with a probability level of (0.000) <0.05; 3) There is a significant relationship between balance and the ability to kick the ball into the goal in soccer, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.741 with a probability level of (0.000) <0.05; 4) There is a significant relationship between leg muscle strength, foot-ankle coordination, and balance together with the ability to kick the ball into the goal in soccer, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.775 or 77.5%.
The Effect of Core Stability Training on Dynamic Balance in Taekwondo Athletes
This study aimed to determine the effect of core stability training on dynamic balance in Taekwondo athletes. Dynamic balance is an important component in sports, especially in controlling movement and changes of direction which require strong postural stability. A quasi-experimental method using a one-group pre-test and post-test design was applied. The sample consisted of six Taekwondo athletes selected through purposive sampling. The instrument used to measure dynamic balance was the Stork Test. The core stability training program was implemented over several sessions, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests to determine differences between pre-test and post-test scores. The results showed a significant improvement in dynamic balance after participating in the core stability training program, indicated by a significance value of p < 0.05. Therefore, core stability training has a significant effect on improving dynamic balance in Taekwondo athletes. This program is recommended as part of regular training to support technical performance, movement efficiency, and injury prevention, while further research is suggested to use larger samples and longer training durations. Keywords: core stability training, dynamic balance, Taekwondo athletes
An Exploratory Comparison Of Dominant And Non-Dominant Foot Passing Ability In Junior High School Futsal Students
Introduction. An imbalance in ability between the dominant and non-dominant foot is a common fundamental technique problem among school-age futsal players. Various studies have shown that young players are more skilled when using their dominant foot, while their non-dominant foot is less trained, resulting in lower coordination and accuracy. This imbalance impacts passing quality, movement stability, and decision-making on the pitch. Objective. This study aims to analyze and compare the passing ability of students using their dominant and non-dominant feet participating in futsal extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 8 Makassar. Methods. This study used a quantitative approach with a comparative design. The sample consisted of five students selected through purposive sampling. The research instrument was a passing accuracy test consisting of ten trials for each leg from a distance of 10 meters. Data analysis was condusted descriptively and using a paired t-test. Results. The results showed that the average passing score of the dominant foot was 5.0 (SD = 1.00), while the non-dominant foot was 3.6 (SD = 1.14). the t-test results showed a p value of 0.206 (p>0.05), which means there was no significant difference between the passing ability of the dominant and non-dominant feet. However, the mean score showed that the dominant foot still had a higher level of accuracy. Conclusion. There was no significant difference between dominant and non-dominant foot passing ability in students at SMP Negeri 8 Makassar. However, there was greater variation in performance with the non-dominant foot, so bilateral training is essential to improve stability, coordination, balance, and basic futsal technical skills.
Comparative Study of 30-Meter Running Ability Between Male and Female Elementary School Students
Speed is one of the primary components of physical fitness and an important indicator of motor development among elementary school students. Obervations at UPT SPF SD Inpres Karunrung indicate that male students tend to have faster running performance than female students, although empirical evidence remains limited. This study aims to analyze differences in 30-meter sprint ability between male and female students and evaluate whether gender significantly influences sprint performance. The research employed a comparative quantitative approach. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. The instrument used was a 30-meter sprint test conducted twice, with the best time recorded as the final result. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test to determine significant differences between groups. The average running time for male students was 4.47 ± 0.41 seconds, while female students recorded 5.14 ± 0.85 seconds. Although there was a descriptive difference, the t-test showed a p-value of 0.151 (>0.05), indicating that the difference was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that gender does not have a significant influence on sprint ability among elementary school students. Speed ability at this age is more determined by motor experience, physical activity level, and movement coordination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Performance
The Effect of Soccer Training on the Development of Gross Motor Skills of Senior High School Students
Introduction. Gross motor developments is an important aspect in adolescence because it is related to basic physical abilities that support motor activities such as running, jumping, kicking, and maintaining balance. The low physical activity of students in schools, including at SMAN 4 Takalar, causes gross motor skill to not develop optimally. Soccer training is a from physical activity that involves body coordination, large muscle strength, and agility, thus potentially improving adolescents’ gross motor skills. This study aims to analyze the effect of structured soccer training on the gross motor skills of students at SMAN 4 Takalar. Methods. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consisted of 12 students selected by purposive sampling from 32 extracurricular soccer participants. The program intervention lasted for 30 minutes in one meeting. Gross motor ability data were collected through p hysical tests, including agility and speed. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and a sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05 Results. The results showed a significant increase in students’ agility and speed abilities, with a decrease of 0.45 seconds and 0.64 seconds, respectively (p< 0.05), indicating increased movement efficiency, increased muscle freezing strength, and better body coordination. Conclusion. Structured soccer training has a positive effect on students' gross motor development, especially in the aspects of agility and speed. Therefore, soccer training is recommended as part of the Physical Education program in schools to support physical development and fitness.
A Narrative Review: The Multi-Mechanistic Impact of Sedentary Lifestyle on Mental Health and the Targeted Role of Recreational Sport as a Mitigation Strategy
In an effort to address contemporary public health challenges, this literature review aims to present a synthesis of evidence demonstrating the link between physical inactivity (sedentary lifestyle) and the deterioration of mental health, while simultaneously validating the potential of recreational sport as a sustainable mitigation solution. The trend of sedentary behavior—defined as time spent in a sitting or reclining position—continues to escalate alongside rapid global digitalization. This increasing duration of inactivity consistently shows a significant negative correlation with a decline in the quality of both physical and mental health. This article reviews several studies focusing on outcomes such as depression and anxiety. The synthesis of empirical evidence indicates a significant positive correlation between prolonged sedentary behavior and the increased risk and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. Conversely, it is found that participation in recreational sport, which is structured, enjoyable, and voluntarily undertaken, can serve as an effective protective strategy. Recreational sport mediates negative impacts through the release of endorphins, improved sleep quality, and increased social interaction. As a primary recommendation, the findings of this review suggest that public health policies must proactively incorporate and prioritize recreational sport as an effective approach for the mitigation and management of mental health issues, given its significant role in enhancing well-being in the digital age.
Assessing Physical Fitness of Incoming Sports Students to Set Minimum Thresholds for Universitas Negeri Makassar Admission
ABSTRACT Intorduction. The aim of the research is to portray the physical fitness status of students at a single point in time without comparing fitness-test results over time, Physical fitness quality becomes one of the key criteria — alongside academic achievement — for competing with other sports faculties, allowing the university to maintain high competitiveness in academic, athletic, and industry domains Methods. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional and descriptive design Results. Standing Broad Jump, 9.72% fell in the low category, 38.89% in medium, and 41.67% in high; for Push‑Up, 12.50% low, 27.78% medium, and 43.06% high; for Sit‑Up, 13.89% low, 33.33% medium, and 43.06% high; and for Back‑Up, 13.89% low, 31.94% medium, and 44.44% high. Standing Broad Jump, 7.14% fell in the low category, 57.14% in medium, and 35.71% in high; for Push-Up, 21.43% in low, 28.57% in medium, and 50.00% in high; for Sit-Up, 5.00% low, 21.43% medium, and 42.86% high; and for Back-Up, 7.14% low, 50.00% medium, and 42.86% high. Conclusion. Push-ups 30–40 times/minute (men) and ~20–30 times/minute (women). Sit-ups in one minute ≥ 30–35 times (men)/ ≥ 25–30 times (women), Back-up 1 minute ≥ 60–65 (test units: repetitions/duration/backup test score). Standing long jump target 230 cm (men), 200 cm (women)
Evaluating the Impact of Exercise on Arm Tremor in Archers: A Secondary Data Analysis
Arm tremor during the aiming phase of archery can undermine shot precision by disrupting the stability of the bow arm. Understanding whether exercise can reduce tremor is therefore relevant for optimizing performance. This study investigates exercise-related modulation of tremor using a publicly accessible motion dataset containing synchronized accelerometer and EMG recordings. A secondary data analysis was conducted on an open-source dataset originally hosted in Mendeley Data and analyzed through a Kaggle computational workflow. Tremor characteristics were examined through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression-based EMG prediction models. The strongest association was observed between movement sequence—a proxy for exercise progression—and acceleration in the x-axis, showing a moderate negative correlation (r ≈ –0.58), suggesting a decline in tremor amplitude with repeated or continued exercise trials. EMG prediction based on acceleration demonstrated limited accuracy, indicating that neuromuscular activation is only partially explained by kinematic variability. The findings support the premise that structured exercise may enhance upper-limb stability in archery, although limitations inherent to secondary datasets warrant cautious interpretation. This analysis provides quantitative evidence linking exercise to tremor reduction and highlights the potential of open-access biomechanical datasets for advancing sport science research.
Analysis of Physical Fitness Levels Based on the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) Among Sixth-Grade Students of SD Negeri Biringkaloro
This study aims to analyze the physical fitness levels of sixth-grade students at SD Negeri Biringkaloro based on the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI). Using a descriptive quantitative approach, the research assessed 21 students through five test components: 40-meter sprint, pull-up, 30-second sit-up, vertical jump, and 600-meter run. Data were collected using standardized TKJI procedures for the 10–12 age group and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that the majority of students fall into the “Poor” and “Very Poor” categories, with 52% categorized as Very Poor and only 5% achieving a Good level. The weakest components were cardiovascular endurance (600-meter run) and upper-body strength (pull-up). These findings suggest that students’ physical fitness levels are still below the expected standards and highlight the need for improved physical activity engagement through more varied PE learning strategies, structured training programs, and increased motivation both in and outside of school. Overall, the study underscores the importance of implementing targeted interventions to enhance students’ physical fitness.
The Relationship Between Leg Muscle Strength and Shooting Ability in Futsal Among Elementary School Students at IKIP 1 Makassar
This study aims to determine the relationship between leg muscle strength and shooting ability in futsal among elementary school students at IKIP 1 Makassar. The study used a correlational quantitative method with a total sample of 30 students who actively participated in futsal training. Leg muscle strength was measured using leg press and squat jump tests, while shooting ability was measured based on kicking accuracy and speed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the average leg muscle strength score of the students was 45.3 ± 6.2 kg, while the average shooting ability was 78.5 ± 8.4. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between leg muscle strength and shooting ability (r = 0.672, p < 0.05). This indicates that the higher the leg muscle strength, the better the students' shooting ability. These findings emphasize the importance of leg muscle strengthening exercises as part of the PJOK learning program and futsal training to improve kicking technique performance in elementary school students.
The Effect of Circuit Training and Fartlek Training on the VO₂max of Handball Athletes
This research is an experimental research type that uses a "pre test and post test group design" research design. This research aims to determine; (1) Is there an effect of circuit training on VO2Max of handball athletes; (2) Is there an effect of fartlek training on VO2Max of handball athletes; (3) Is there a difference in the effect of circuit training and fartlek training on VO2Max of handball athletes. The population is all handball athletes. The sample used is 20 handball athletes. The sampling technique is a sample population divided into 2 groups using a block system. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, inferential analysis of the t-test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results of the study show that; (1) There is an effect of circuit training on VO2Max of handball athletes, with an observation value = -5.093 (Pvalue <0.05); (2) There is an effect of fartlek training on VO2Max of handball athletes, with an observation value = -5.750 (Pvalue <0.05); (3) There is a difference in the effect of circuit training and fartlek training on VO2Max of handball athletes, with tobservation value = 2.205 (Pvalue < 0.05).
The Effectiveness of Small-Sided Games in Enhancing Technical Skills and Physical Fitness among Adolescent Football Players
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Small-Sided Games (SSGs) in improving technical skills and physical fitness among adolescent football players. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements was conducted on 30 male football players aged 13–15 years. The participants underwent an eight-week SSG training program, held three times per week. Technical skills were assessed through passing accuracy, dribbling time, and shooting accuracy tests, while physical fitness was measured using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Illinois Agility Test, and Vertical Jump Test. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Significant improvements were found in all measured variables. Technical performance showed increases in passing (from 15.3 to 18.6 passes), shooting accuracy (12.6 to 16.1 goals), and reduced dribbling time (from 11.2 to 9.8 seconds). Physical fitness indicators also improved, with increases in Yo-Yo IR1 distance (980 m to 1185 m), vertical jump height (39.2 cm to 43.5 cm), and faster agility performance (from 18.5 to 17.2 seconds). Conclusion: Small-Sided Games are an effective and efficient training method for enhancing both technical and physical performance in adolescent football players. Their game-based structure offers a valuable approach to youth football development, combining skill acquisition and conditioning in a realistic and engaging format.